6 Secondary adhesive В¬capsulitis occurs after a shoulder injury or surgery, or may be associated with another condition such as diabetes, rotator cuff injury, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or cardiovascular disease, which may prolong recovery and limit outcomes. Primary adhesive capsulitis results from a chronic inflammatory response with fibroblastic proliferation, which may actually be an abnormal response from the immune system. Idiopathic (вЂњprimaryвЂќ) adhesive capsulitis occurs spontaneously without a specific precipitating event. Although the exact pathophysiologic cause of this pathology remains elusive, there are two types identified in the literature: idiopathic and secondary adhesive capsulitis. Approximately 70% of frozen shoulder patients are women 3 however, males with frozen shoulder are at greater risk for longer recovery and greater disability 3вЂ“ 4. 2 The most common limitations in range of motion are flexion, abduction, and external rotation. Patients typically describe onset of shoulder pain followed by a loss of motion. 1 He concluded that frozen shoulder was not periarthritis, but a вЂњthickening and contraction of the capsule which becomes adherent to the humeral headвЂќ that he termed, вЂњadhesive capsulitis.вЂќ 1 Adhesive capsulitis is characterized by pain, stiffness, and limited function of the glenohumeral joint, which adversely affects the entire upper extremity. The вЂњfrozen shoulderвЂќ diagnosis has been used for many years in describing shoulder pain and limited motion, and was originally thought to be вЂњperiarthritis.вЂќ Nevasier was the first to identify the pathology through histological and surgical examination of frozen shoulder patients.

Frozen shoulder exercises